Eleven years have elapsed since the writer’s firstwork on Mars was published in which were recordedthe facts gleaned in his research up to that timeand in which was set forth a theory of their explanation.Continued work in the interval has confirmedthe conclusions there stated; sometimes in quiteunexpected ways. Five times during that periodMars has approached the earth within suitable scanningdistance and been subjected to careful andprolonged scrutiny. Familiarity with the subject,improved telescopic means, and long-continued traininghave all combined to increased efficiency in theprocuring of data and to results which have beenproportionate. A mass of new material has thusbeen collected,—some of it along old lines, some ofit in lines that are themselves new,—and both haveled to the same outcome. In addition to thus pushinginquiry into advanced portions of the subject,study has been spent in investigation of the realityof