Produced by Dave Gowan <dgowan@bio.fsu.edu>

DARWINIANA

ESSAYS AND REVIEWS PERTAININGTO DARWINISM

BYASA GRAYFISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) INHARVARD UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK:1876.

CONTENTS

DARWINIANA

PREFACE

ARTICLE I

THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BYMEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION

Views and Definitions of Species—How Darwin's differs from that of Agassiz,and from the Common View—Variation, its Causes unknown.—Darwin'sGenealogical Tree—Darwin and Agassiz agree in the CapitalFacts—Embryology—Physical Connection of Species compatible withIntellectual Connection—How to prove Transmutation.—Known Extent ofVariation—Cause of Likeness unknown—ArtificialSelection.—Reversion—Interbreeding—Natural Selection.—Classificationtentative.—What Darwin assumes.—Argument stated.—How Natural Selectionworks.—Where the Argument is weakest.—Objections—Morphology andTeleology harmonized.—Theory not atheistical.—Conceivable Modes ofRelation of God to Nature

ARTICLE II

DESIGN VERSUS NECESSITY—A DISCUSSION

How Design in Nature can be shown—Design not inconsistent with Indirect
Attainment

ARTICLE III

NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENTWITH NATURAL THEOLOGY

PART I.—Premonitions of Darwinism.—A Proper Subject forSpeculation.—Summary of Facts and Ideas suggestive of Hypotheses ofDerivation

Part II—Limitations of Theory conceded by Darwin.—What Darwinismexplains.—Geological Argument strong in the Tertiary Period.—Correspondence between Rank and Geological Succession—Difficulties inClassification.—Nature of Affinity.—No Absolute Distinction betweenVegetable and Animal Kingdoms.—Individuality.—Gradation

PART III.—Theories contrasted.—Early Arguments againstDarwinism.—Philosophical and Theological Objections—Theory may betheistic.—Final Cause not excluded.—Cause of Variation unknown.—ThreeViews of Efficient Cause compatible with Theism.—Agassiz's Objections of aPhilosophical Nature.—Minor Objections.—Conclusion

ARTICLE IV

SPECIES AS TO VARIATION,GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION,AND SUCCESSION

Alphonse De Candolle's Study of the Oak Genus.—Variability of theSpecies.—Antiquity.—A Common Origin probable.—Dr. Falconer on the CommonOrigin of Elephants—Variation and Natural Selectiondistinguished.—Saporta on the Gradation between the Vegetable Forms of theCretaceous and the Tertiary.—Hypothesis of Derivation more likely to befavored by Botanists than by Zoologists.—Views of Agassiz respecting theOrigin, Dispersion, Variation, Characteristics, and Successive Creation ofSpecies contrasted with those of De Candolle and others—Definition ofSpecies—Whether its Essence is in the Likenessor in the Genealogical Connection of the Individuals composing a Species

ARTICLE V

SEQUOIA AND ITS HISTORY:THE RELATIONS OF NORTH AMERICANTO NORTHEAST ASIAN AND TOTERTIARY VEGETATION

Age and Size of Sequoia.—Isolation.—Decadence.—Related Genera.— Former
Distribution.—Similarity between the Flora of Japan and that of the United
States, especially on the Atlantic Side.—Former Glaciation as explaining
the Present Dispersion of Species.—This confirmed by the Arctic Fossil
Flora of the Tertiary Period.—Tertiary Flora der

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