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RED DUSK AND
THE MORROW
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Sir Paul Dukes, K.B.E.
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RED DUSK AND
THE MORROW
ADVENTURES
AND INVESTIGATIONS IN
RED RUSSIA
BY
SIR PAUL DUKES, K.B.E.
FORMERLY CHIEF OF
THE BRITISH SECRET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE
IN SOVIET RUSSIA
LONDON
WILLIAMS AND NORGATE
14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2
1923
iv
Copyright in U.S.A., 1922, by
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE AND COMPANY
First Printed May 1922.
Reprinted February 1923.
Printed in Great Britainv
FOREWORD
If ever there was a period when people blindlyhitched their wagons to shibboleths and slogans insteadof stars it is the present. In the helter-skelterof events which constantly outrun mankind, theessential meaning of commonly used words is becomingincreasingly confused. Not only the abstractideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity; but moreconcrete and more recently popularized ones such asproletariat, bourgeois, soviet, are already surroundedwith a sort of fungous growth concealing their realmeaning, so that every time they are employed theyhave to be freshly defined.
The phenomenon of Red Russia is a supreme exampleof the triumph over reason of the shibboleth,the slogan, and the political catchword. War-wearyand politics-weary, the Russian people easily succumbedto those who promised wildly what nobodycould give, the promisers least of all. Catchwordssuch as “All Power to the Soviets,” possessing crypticpower before their coiners seized the reins of government,were afterward discovered either to have nomeaning whatsoever, or else to be endowed withsome arbitrary, variable, and quite unforeseen sense.Similarly, words such as “workers,” “bourgeois,”“proletariat,” “imperialist,” “socialist,” “co-operative,”“soviet,” are endowed by mob orators everywherewith arbitrary significations, meaning onething one day and another the next as occasiondemands.vi
The extreme opponents of Bolshevism, especiallyamongst Russians, have